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Cloudberries

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by Leslie Shallcross 

The small, rosy peach-colored Rubus chamaemorus L. is known in Alaska by several common names — lowbush salmonberry, aqpik, baked apple berry and cloudberry. However, cloudberry is the name most often used throughout North America and in international botanical references. This berry grows almost exclusively in circumpolar regions and is prized in cultures and cuisines in Scandinavia, Russia, Canada and throughout Alaska.

Though related botanically to red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) and salmonberry (Rubus spectabilis), the cloudberry plant most closely resembles another highly sought arctic berry, nagoonberry (Rubus arcticus L.). In contrast to the prickly, tall canes of raspberries and salmonberries, cloudberries grow on very slender stems not more than two to eight inches high in boggy, open tundra and forest. Each stem has two to three circular leaves with rounded lobes and toothed edges and a single white, five-petaled flower. The berry is composed of six to eight drupelets, forming a small roundish berry. Unripe cloudberries are hard, sour and red; as the berries ripen, they soften, sweeten and lighten to a rosy peach or amber hue.

Nutrition

Cloudberries are an excellent source of vitamin C, containing more than twice the amount per serving than a glass of orange juice and more than any other Alaska berry. They also provide a small amount of vitamin A. Historical references document early use of cloudberries to prevent and treat scurvy as well as the medicinal use of the roots and leaves of the plant. Although nutrient values reported for cloudberries vary depending upon the source and perhaps upon the exact location and growing conditions of the berries, all references indicate that they are a rare, rich source of vitamin C in the Arctic. Table 1 provides a comparison of the vitamin C and A levels with levels found in commercial blueberries.

Table 1. Vitamin A and C levels for commercial blueberries and wild cloudberries

In addition to vitamin C, vitamin A and vitamin E, cloudberries contain a number of other antioxidant plant compounds, including carotenoids and ellagitannins. Antioxidants are a group of bioactive compounds that prevent cellular damage from free radicals, which are highly charged oxygen- or nitrogen-containing compounds. Research has found that free radicals contribute to aging by damaging healthy cells — berry compounds such as ellagitannins seem to protect against premature aging and cancer at least partially because of the antioxidant effects.

Since they ripen in late July through early August, the best time to gather cloudberries is mid- to late summer, depending upon the region. Ripe berries are very soft and amber-colored with a pink blush; they come off the stem very easily. Place picked berries in shallow containers so that they are not damaged.

Mature cloudberries are very juicy and can be eaten raw or made into jams, jellies and syrups. Recipes from Scandinavia use the berries to make a “cloudberry cream” by mixing berries or prepared jam with sweetened whipped cream. They can also be used to make a western Alaska treat, “agutak.” Jam can be spread on cake layers or used in thumbprint cookies. The cloudberry flavor combines well with vanilla or citrus. Seeds may toughen after cooking, so some recipes suggest removing seeds prior to use by pressing softened berries through a food mill or sieve.

Storage and Preservation

How to Clean and Store

With their naturally high benzoic acid content, cloudberries may keep without spoiling or fermenting for longer than expected. However, for best flavor and keeping quality, pick cloudberries at their peak ripeness and either eat or preserve the same day that they are picked.

Handle the soft cloudberries gently and as little as possible. Unless they are exceptionally dusty, do not wash. Pick through the berries to remove any leaves or debris. Refrigerate cleaned berries in a shallow container.

How to Freeze

Spread cloudberries in a single layer on a cookie sheet and place in the freezer. When frozen, transfer berries to freezer bags or containers. Properly frozen cloudberries will last up to two years.

How to Dry

Drying is not recommended for cloudberries as they are too seedy and slow to dry. Cloudberry puree may be used to make fruit leather.

How to Extract Juice

Combine 4 cups clean cloudberries with 1 cup water. Bring to a simmer, cover and simmer for 10 minutes. Gently crush the simmering berries to release the juice. To separate the juice from the berries, pour the hot mixture into a jelly bag or use layers of cheesecloth placed in a colander. Let the juice drip into a bowl. For clear juice, do not twist or press the berries while they drain. For long-term storage, the juice should be frozen or canned.

Yield: 2 cups

Hot pack for juice

Sterilize canning jars. Heat juice, stirring occasionally, until it begins to boil. Pour into hot jars, leaving ¼ inch headspace. Wipe jar rims. Adjust lids. Process in a boiling water canner.

• Half pints, pints or quarts: 5 minutes
• Half gallons: 10 minutes

How to Prepare Puree

Cooked method: Add 1 cup water to 4 cups clean cloudberries. Cook until berries are soft. Press berries through a food mill or sieve. Juice can be retained with the berries. Discard skins and seeds.

Yield: 2 cups

Canning: Reheat prepared puree to boiling. If desired, add sugar to taste. If sugar is added, boil mixture until it dissolves. Pack puree into hot jars, leaving ¼ inch headspace. Remove air bubbles. Wipe jar rims. Adjust prepared two-piece lids. Process in a boiling water canner for 15 minutes.

Yield: 2 cups

 Freezing: Pack prepared puree into rigid containers leaving a ½ inch headspace to allow for expansion in freezing. Seal, label and place in the freezer.

Recipes

Cloudberry Freezer Jam

• 2 cups cloudberry juice
• 1 cup crushed cloudberries
• 5¼ cups sugar 1 package powdered pectin (1¾ ounces)
• ¾ cup water

In a large bowl, mix the cloudberry juice with the crushed cloudberries. Stir in the sugar and mix well. Set aside for 10 minutes or until the sugar is completely dissolved.

Combine the water and powdered pectin in small saucepan. Over high heat, bring mixture to a full rolling boil, stirring constantly. Continue boiling for 1 minute. Stir pectin/water mixture into the berry mixture. Stir constantly for 3 minutes.

Fill freezer containers leaving a ½ inch headspace. Cover the containers with tight lids and allow to stand at room temperature for 24 hours or until the jam is set. Store in freezer until ready to use. After opening, store jam in refrigerator for up to three weeks.

Yield: 3 cups

Cloudberry Rhubarb Jam

• 1 cup cloudberries, crushed (you may want to remove some of the seeds)
• 2 cups rhubarb, diced
• 3 cups sugar

Sterilize pint or half-pint canning jars and prepare lids. In a large saucepan, combine all ingredients and bring slowly to boiling, stirring occasionally until sugar dissolves. When sugar is dissolved, increase heat and cook rapidly to gelling point, 220 ̊F. As the mixture thickens, stir frequently to prevent sticking.

Pour jam into hot jars, leaving ¼ inch headspace. Wipe jar rims and add prepared two-piece lids. Process 5 minutes in a boiling water canner.

Yield: 3 cups

Cloudberry Jelly

• 4 cups cloudberry juice
• 1 package powdered pectin (1¾ ounces)
• 5½ cups sugar

Sterilize pint or half-pint canning jars and prepare lids. Measure sugar and set aside. Measure cloudberry juice into a large saucepan. Add pectin and stir until dissolved. Over high heat, bring the mixture to a full rolling boil that cannot be stirred down. Stir constantly.

Remove from heat and quickly skim off foam. Immediately pour jelly into hot canning jars leaving ¼ inch headspace. Wipe jar rims and add prepared two-piece lids. Process 5 minutes in a boiling water canner.

Yield: 6 cups

Cloudberry Fruit Leather

• 2 cups cloudberry puree
• 2 tablespoons honey (to taste)

Prepare puree and combine with honey. Line a cookie sheet with microwaveable plastic wrap. Spread puree mixture evenly, about ¹⁄8 to ¼ inch thick, over the plastic, but do not push it completely to the sides. Leave a bit of plastic showing for easy removal.

Oven dry at 140 ̊F for 10 to 18 hours. Leave oven door slightly open so moisture can escape. Test periodically for dryness. Fruit leather dries from the outside edge toward the center. Test for dryness by touching the center of the leather; no indentation should be evident. Continue drying until pliable and leather-like.

Dehydrator: To ensure a quality product follow manufacturer’s directions. Standard instructions follow, but they may need to be adjusted according to variations among dehydrators.

Lightly oil plastic leather tray or spread the puree on parchment paper cut to fit the dryer rack. Do not push the puree completely to the sides. Dry at 140 ̊F for 6 to 8 hours until puree is evenly dry and leathery. While warm, peel fruit leather from plastic and roll up; allow to cool. Wrap rolled fruit leather in plastic. Store at room temperature up to one month. Freeze tightly-wrapped rolls for storage up to one year.

Yield: 1 sheet

Cloudberry Syrup

• 1 cup cloudberry juice
• 1 teaspoon lemon juice
• 2 cups sugar

Combine all ingredients in a medium saucepan. Using a candy thermometer, heat mixture to 160 ̊F; do not boil. The syrup is ready to use over waffles, pancakes, hot biscuits, ice cream and other desserts. The syrup will keep up to six months in the refrigerator.

For long-term storage: Sterilize pint or half-pint jars and prepare lids. Immediately pour syrup into hot canning jars, leaving ¼ inch headspace. Wipe jar rims and add prepared two-piece lids. Process 5 minutes in a boiling water canner.

Yield: 2 cups

Variation: For cloudberry-rhubarb syrup, use ¾ cup cloudberry juice and ¼ cup rhubarb juice to equal 1 cup juice.

��ķ��Ƶ Cooperative Extension Service Resources

Jams and Jellies – Lesson 5, Food Preservation Series, FNH-00562E

Canning Overview – Lesson 2, Food Preservation Series, FHN-00562B

Using Alaska’s Wild Berries and Other Wild Edibles ($15), FNH-00120

Fruit Leather, FNH-00228

Canning Basics DVD ($5), FNH-01280

Jams and Jellies DVD ($5), FNH-01290

References

Alaska Wild Berry Guide and Cookbook. 1982. Anchorage: Alaska Northwest Publishing Company.

Holloway, P., R. Dinstel and R. Leiner. 2006. Antioxidants in Alaska Wild Berries. Georgeson Botanical Notes No. 27.

Traditional Food Guide: For Alaska Native Cancer Survivors. 2008. Anchorage: Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium Cancer Program.

University of Tromso, Tromso, Norway

Leslie Shallcross, Extension Faculty, Health, Home and Family Development

Reviewed August 2022